【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【D】Human Body Systems 目录及术语表

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发布时间：2019-04-28

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Table of Contents

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

Glencoe Science模块系列教材，模块D - Human Body Systems，2005版，276页。全书分为7大章（Chapter），每章由若干小节（Section）构成，各章后附有Study Guide，Review与Standardized Test Practice。

Cover Description: Parts of the human body systems are shown here. Although each system has a different role, they function together to maintain homeostasis. A human needs all systems operating together in order to survive.

简要目录（Simple Contents）

Chapter 1: Structure and Movement

Chapter 2: Nutrients and Digestion

Chapter 3: Circulation

Chapter 4: Respiration and Excretion

Chapter 5: Control and Coordination

Chapter 6: Regulation and Reproduction

Chapter 7: Immunity and Disease

详细目录（Detailed Contents）

Chapter 1: Structure and Movement

Section 1: The Skeletal System

Section 2: The Muscular System

Section 3: The Skin

Chapter 2: Nutrients and Digestion

Section 1: Nutrition

Section 2: The Digestive System

Chapter 3: Circulation

Section 1: The Circulatory System

Section 2: Blood

Section 3: The Lymphatic System

Chapter 4: Respiration and Excretion

Section 1: The Respiratory System

Section 2: The Excretory System

Chapter 5: Control and Coordination

Section 1: The Nervous System

Section 2: The Senses

Chapter 6: Regulation and Reproduction

Section 1: The Endocrine System

Section 2: The Reproductive System

Section 3: Human Life Stages

Chapter 7: Immunity and Disease

Section 1: The Immune System

Section 2: Infectious Diseases

Section 3: Noninfectious Diseases

术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）

179: active immunity: long-lasting immunity that results when the body makes its own antibodies in response to a specific antigen.

191: allergen: substance that causes an allergic reaction.

190: allergy: overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance.

95: alveolus / alveoli: (from Latin, ‘small cavity’, diminutive of alveus) tiny, thin-walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surround by capillaries; carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange takes place.

37: amino acid: building block of protein.

159: amniotic sac: thin, liquid-filled, protective membrane that forms around the embryo.

178: antibody: a protein made in response to a specific antigen that can attach to the antigen and cause it to be useless.

178: antigen: any complex molecules that is foreign to your body.

68: artery: blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, and has thick, elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue.

100: asthma: (from Greek asthma 'breathe hard') lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction.

65: atrium: two upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat.

119: axon: neuron structure that carries messages away from the cell body.

185: biological vector: disease-carrying organism, such as a rat, mosquito, or fly, that spreads infectious disease.

104: bladder: elastic, muscular organ that holds urine until it leaves the body through the urethra.

122: brain stem: connects the brain to the spinal cord and is made up of midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.

95: bronchi: two short tubes that branch off at the end of the trachea and carry air into the lungs.

69: capillary: microsopic blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; has walls one cell thick, through which nutrients and oxygen diffuse into body cells, and waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse out of body cells.

38: carbonhydrate: nutrient that usually is the body's main source of energy.

17: cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary muscle only found in the heart.

10: cartilage: in humans, thick, smooth, flexible and slippery tissue layer that covers the ends of bones, makes movement easier by reducing friction and absorbs shocks.

121: central nervous system: division of the nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord.

122: cerebellum: part of the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements, maintains muscle tone, and helps maintain balance.

122: cerebrum: largest part of the brain, where memory is stored, movements are controlled, and impulses from the senses are interpreted.

47: chemical digestion: occurs when enzymes and other chemicals break down large food molecules into smaller one.

194: chemotherapy: use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells.

51: chyme: (from late Latin chymus, from Greek khūmos ‘juice’) liquid product of digestion.

132: cochlea: (from Greek kokhlias 'snail shell, screw, or spiral object') fluid-filled structure in the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

65: coronary circulation: flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.

119: dendrite: (from Greek dendritēs ‘treelike’) neuron structure that receives messages and sends them to the cell body.

21: dermis: skin layer below the epidermis that contains blood vessels, nerves, oil and sweat glands, and other structures.

96: diaphragm: muscle beneath the lungs that contracts and relaxes to move gases in and out of the body.

47: digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules that cells can absorb and use.

159: embryo: (from em- ‘into’ + bruein ‘swell, grow’) fertilized egg that has attached to the wall of uterus.

99: emphysema: (from emphusan ‘puff up’) lung disease in which the alveoli enlarge.

48: enzyme: a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body without being changed or used up itself.

20: epidermis: outer, thinnest skin layer that constantly produce new cells to replace the dead cells rubbed off its surface.

39: fat: nutrient that stores energy, cushions organs, and helps the body absorb vitamins.

162: fetal stress: can occur during the birth process or after birth as an infant adjusts from a watery, dark, constant-temperature environment to its new environment.

160: fetus: in humans, a developing baby after the first two months of pregancy until birth.

44: food group: group of foods --- such as bread, cereal, rice, and pasta --- containing the same type of nutrients.

75: hemoglobin: chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells, and carries some carbon dioxide from body cells back to the lungs.

119: homeostasis: regulation of an organism's internal, life-maintaining.

146: hormone: in humans, chemical produced by the endocrine system, released directly into the bloodstream by ductless glands; affects specific target tissues, and can speed up or slow down cellular activities.

176: immune system: complex group of defenses that protects the body against pathogens --- includes the skin, respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems.

185: infectious disease: disease caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protist that is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organisms.

15: involuntary muscle: muscle, such as heart muscle, that cannot be consciously controlled.

11: joint: any place where two or more bones come together; can be movable or immovable.

102: kidney: bean-shaped urinary system organ that is made up of about 1 million nephrons and filters blood, producing urine.

95: larynx: airway to which the vocal cords are attached.

11: ligament: tough band of tissue that holds bones together at joints.

80: lymph: tissue fluid that has diffused into lymphatic capillaries.

80: lymph nodes: bean-shaped organs found throughout the body that filter out microorganisms and foreign materials taken up by the lymphocytes.

80: lymphatic system: carries lymph through a network of lymph capillaries and vessels, and drains it into large veins near the heart; helps fight infections and diseases.

80: lymphocyte: a type of white blood cell that fights infection.

47: mechanical digestion: breakdown of food through chewing, mixing, and churning.

21: melanin: (from Greek melas, melan- ‘black’ + -in 'chemical compounds') pigment produced by the epidermis that protects skin from sun damage and gives skin and eyes their color.

154: menstrual cycle: hormone-controlled monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system that includes maturation of an egg and preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy.

154: menstruation: monthly flow of blood and tissue cells that occur when the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed.

42: mineral: inorganic nutrient that regulates many chemical reactions in the body.

14: muscle: organ that can relax, contract, and provide the force to move bones and body parts.

103: nephron: tiny filtering unit of the kidney.

119: neuron: basic functioning unit of the nervous system, made up of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.

190: noninfectious disease: disease, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, that is not spread from one person to another.

36: nutrients: substances in foods --- proteins, carbonhydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water --- that provide energy for cell development, growth, and repair.

133: olfactory cell: (from Latin olfactare ‘to smell’) nasal nerve cell that becomes stimulated by molecules in the air and send impulses to the brain for interpretation of odors.

153: ovary: in humans, female reproductive organ that produces eggs and is located in the lower part of the body.

153: ovulation: monthly process in which an egg is released from an ovary and enters the oviduct, where it can become fertilized by sperm.

179: passive immunity: immunity that results when antibodies produced in one animal are introduced into another's body; does not last as long as active immunity.

182: pasteurization: (from the name of Pasteur, Louis) process in which a liquid is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria.

9: periosteum: touch, tight-fitting membrane that cover a bone's surface and contains blood vessels that transport nutrients into the bone.

121: peripheral nervous system: division of the nervous system, made up of all the nerves outside the CNS (central nervous system); connects the brain and spinal cord to other body parts.

50: peristalsis: (from Greek peristallein ‘wrap around’, from peri- ‘around’ + stallein ‘to place’) waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

94: pharynx: tubelike passageway for food, liquid, and air.

74: plasma: liquid part of blood, made mostly of water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and minerals are dissolved.

75: platelet: irregularly shaped cell fragement that helps clot blood and releases chemicals, that help form fibrin.

158: pregnancy: period of development --- usually about 38 or 39 weeks in female humans --- from fertilized egg until birth.

37: protein: large molue that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and is made up of amino acids; used by the body for growth and for replacement and repair of body cells.

66: pulmonary circulation: flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

125: reflex: automatic, involuntary reponse to a stimulus; controlled by the spinal cord.

129: retina: light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye; contains rods and cones.

152: semen: mixture of sperm and a fluid that helps sperm move and supplies them with an energy source.

186: sexually transmitted disease (STD): infectious disease, such as chlamydia, AIDS, or genital herpes, that is passed from one person to another during sexual contact. (chlamydia 衣原体 - from Greek khlamus ‘cloak’; herpes 泡疹 - from Greek herpēs ‘shingles’, literally ‘creeping’)

17: skeletal muscle: voluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs, and is attached to bones by tendons.

8: skeletal system: all the bones in the body; forms an internal, living framework that provides shape and support, protects internal organs, moves bones, forms blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorus compounds for later use.

17: smooth muscle: involuntary, nonstriated muscle that controls movement of internal organs.

152: sperm: in humans, male reproductive cells produced in the testes.

121: synapse: small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron.

67: systemic circulation: largest part of the circulatory system, in which oxygen-rich blood flows to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs, and oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart.

134: taste bud: major sensory receptor on the tongue; contains taste hairs that send impluses to the brain for interpretation of tastes.

17: tendon: thick band of tissue that attaches bones to muscles.

152: testis: male organ that produces sperm and testosterone.

95: trachea: air-conducting tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi, is lined with mucous membranes and cilia, and contains strong cartilage rings.

104: ureter: tube that carries urine from each kidney to the bladder.

104: urethra: tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

101: urinary system: system of excretory organs that rids the blood of wastes, controls blood volume by removing excess water, and balances concentrations of salts and water.

102: urine: wastewater that contains excess water, salts, and other wastes that are not reabsorbed by the body.

153: uterus: in humans, hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg develops into a baby.

179: vaccination: process of giving a vaccine by mouth or by injection to provide active immunity against a disease.

153: vagina: muscular tube that connects the lower end of the uterus to the outside of the body; the birth canal through which a baby travels when being born.

68: vein: blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart, and has one-way valves that keep blood moving toward the heart.

66: ventricles: two lower chambers of the heart, that contract at the same time, during a heartbeat.

52: villi: fingerlike projections covering the wall of small intestine that increase the surface area for food absorption.

182: virus: strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating that can infect and multiply in a host cell.

40: vitamin: water-soluble or fat-soluble organic nutrient needed in small quantities for growth, for preventing some diseases, and for regulating body functions.

15: voluntary muscle: muscle, such as a leg or arm muscle, that can be consciously controlled.

术语表（Glossary in Page Order）

Index	Page	Terminology	Description
84	8	skeletal system	all the bones in the body; forms an internal, living framework that provides shape and support, protects internal organs, moves bones, forms blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorus compounds for later use.
70	9	periosteum	touch, tight-fitting membrane that cover a bone's surface and contains blood vessels that transport nutrients into the bone.
20	10	cartilage	in humans, thick, smooth, flexible and slippery tissue layer that covers the ends of bones, makes movement easier by reducing friction and absorbs shocks.
47	11	joint	any place where two or more bones come together; can be movable or immovable.
50	11	ligament	tough band of tissue that holds bones together at joints.
60	14	muscle	organ that can relax, contract, and provide the force to move bones and body parts.
46	15	involuntary muscle	muscle, such as heart muscle, that cannot be consciously controlled.
105	15	voluntary muscle	muscle, such as a leg or arm muscle, that can be consciously controlled.
19	17	cardiac muscle	striated, involuntary muscle only found in the heart.
83	17	skeletal muscle	voluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs, and is attached to bones by tendons.
85	17	smooth muscle	involuntary, nonstriated muscle that controls movement of internal organs.
90	17	tendon	thick band of tissue that attaches bones to muscles.
36	20	epidermis	outer, thinnest skin layer that constantly produce new cells to replace the dead cells rubbed off its surface.
30	21	dermis	skin layer below the epidermis that contains blood vessels, nerves, oil and sweat glands, and other structures.
56	21	melanin	(from Greek melas, melan- ‘black’ + -in 'chemical compounds') pigment produced by the epidermis that protects skin from sun damage and gives skin and eyes their color.
64	36	nutrients	substances in foods --- proteins, carbonhydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water --- that provide energy for cell development, growth, and repair.
5	37	amino acid	building block of protein.
77	37	protein	large molue that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and is made up of amino acids; used by the body for growth and for replacement and repair of body cells.
18	38	carbonhydrate	nutrient that usually is the body's main source of energy.
37	39	fat	nutrient that stores energy, cushions organs, and helps the body absorb vitamins.
104	40	vitamin	water-soluble or fat-soluble organic nutrient needed in small quantities for growth, for preventing some diseases, and for regulating body functions.
59	42	mineral	inorganic nutrient that regulates many chemical reactions in the body.
40	44	food group	group of foods --- such as bread, cereal, rice, and pasta --- containing the same type of nutrients.
24	47	chemical digestion	occurs when enzymes and other chemicals break down large food molecules into smaller one.
32	47	digestion	mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules that cells can absorb and use.
55	47	mechanical digestion	breakdown of food through chewing, mixing, and churning.
35	48	enzyme	a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body without being changed or used up itself.
72	50	peristalsis	(from Greek peristallein ‘wrap around’, from peri- ‘around’ + stallein ‘to place’) waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
26	51	chyme	(from late Latin chymus, from Greek khūmos ‘juice’) liquid product of digestion.
102	52	villi	fingerlike projections covering the wall of small intestine that increase the surface area for food absorption.
11	65	atrium	two upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat.
28	65	coronary circulation	flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.
78	66	pulmonary circulation	flow of blood through the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
101	66	ventricles	two lower chambers of the heart, that contract at the same time, during a heartbeat.
88	67	systemic circulation	largest part of the circulatory system, in which oxygen-rich blood flows to all the organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs, and oxygen-poor blood is returned to the heart.
9	68	artery	blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, and has thick, elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue.
100	68	vein	blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart, and has one-way valves that keep blood moving toward the heart.
17	69	capillary	microsopic blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; has walls one cell thick, through which nutrients and oxygen diffuse into body cells, and waste materials and carbon dioxide diffuse out of body cells.
74	74	plasma	liquid part of blood, made mostly of water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and minerals are dissolved.
41	75	hemoglobin	chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body cells, and carries some carbon dioxide from body cells back to the lungs.
75	75	platelet	irregularly shaped cell fragement that helps clot blood and releases chemicals, that help form fibrin.
51	80	lymph	tissue fluid that has diffused into lymphatic capillaries.
52	80	lymph nodes	bean-shaped organs found throughout the body that filter out microorganisms and foreign materials taken up by the lymphocytes.
53	80	lymphatic system	carries lymph through a network of lymph capillaries and vessels, and drains it into large veins near the heart; helps fight infections and diseases.
54	80	lymphocyte	a type of white blood cell that fights infection.
73	94	pharynx	tubelike passageway for food, liquid, and air.
4	95	alveolus / alveoli	(from Latin, ‘small cavity’, diminutive of alveus) tiny, thin-walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surround by capillaries; carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange takes place.
16	95	bronchi	two short tubes that branch off at the end of the trachea and carry air into the lungs.
49	95	larynx	airway to which the vocal cords are attached.
92	95	trachea	air-conducting tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi, is lined with mucous membranes and cilia, and contains strong cartilage rings.
31	96	diaphragm	muscle beneath the lungs that contracts and relaxes to move gases in and out of the body.
34	99	emphysema	(from emphusan ‘puff up’) lung disease in which the alveoli enlarge.
10	100	asthma	(from Greek asthma 'breathe hard') lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction.
95	101	urinary system	system of excretory organs that rids the blood of wastes, controls blood volume by removing excess water, and balances concentrations of salts and water.
48	102	kidney	bean-shaped urinary system organ that is made up of about 1 million nephrons and filters blood, producing urine.
96	102	urine	wastewater that contains excess water, salts, and other wastes that are not reabsorbed by the body.
61	103	nephron	tiny filtering unit of the kidney.
14	104	bladder	elastic, muscular organ that holds urine until it leaves the body through the urethra.
93	104	ureter	tube that carries urine from each kidney to the bladder.
94	104	urethra	tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
12	119	axon	neuron structure that carries messages away from the cell body.
29	119	dendrite	(from Greek dendritēs ‘treelike’) neuron structure that receives messages and sends them to the cell body.
42	119	homeostasis	regulation of an organism's internal, life-maintaining.
62	119	neuron	basic functioning unit of the nervous system, made up of a cell body, dendrites, and axons.
21	121	central nervous system	division of the nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord.
71	121	peripheral nervous system	division of the nervous system, made up of all the nerves outside the CNS (central nervous system); connects the brain and spinal cord to other body parts.
87	121	synapse	small space across which an impulse moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron.
15	122	brain stem	connects the brain to the spinal cord and is made up of midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
22	122	cerebellum	part of the brain that controls voluntary muscle movements, maintains muscle tone, and helps maintain balance.
23	122	cerebrum	largest part of the brain, where memory is stored, movements are controlled, and impulses from the senses are interpreted.
79	125	reflex	automatic, involuntary reponse to a stimulus; controlled by the spinal cord.
80	129	retina	light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye; contains rods and cones.
27	132	cochlea	(from Greek kokhlias 'snail shell, screw, or spiral object') fluid-filled structure in the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
65	133	olfactory cell	(from Latin olfactare ‘to smell’) nasal nerve cell that becomes stimulated by molecules in the air and send impulses to the brain for interpretation of odors.
89	134	taste bud	major sensory receptor on the tongue; contains taste hairs that send impluses to the brain for interpretation of tastes.
43	146	hormone	in humans, chemical produced by the endocrine system, released directly into the bloodstream by ductless glands; affects specific target tissues, and can speed up or slow down cellular activities.
81	152	semen	mixture of sperm and a fluid that helps sperm move and supplies them with an energy source.
86	152	sperm	in humans, male reproductive cells produced in the testes.
91	152	testis	male organ that produces sperm and testosterone.
66	153	ovary	in humans, female reproductive organ that produces eggs and is located in the lower part of the body.
67	153	ovulation	monthly process in which an egg is released from an ovary and enters the oviduct, where it can become fertilized by sperm.
97	153	uterus	in humans, hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg develops into a baby.
99	153	vagina	muscular tube that connects the lower end of the uterus to the outside of the body; the birth canal through which a baby travels when being born.
57	154	menstrual cycle	hormone-controlled monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system that includes maturation of an egg and preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy.
58	154	menstruation	monthly flow of blood and tissue cells that occur when the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed.
76	158	pregnancy	period of development --- usually about 38 or 39 weeks in female humans --- from fertilized egg until birth.
6	159	amniotic sac	thin, liquid-filled, protective membrane that forms around the embryo.
33	159	embryo	(from em- ‘into’ + bruein ‘swell, grow’) fertilized egg that has attached to the wall of uterus.
39	160	fetus	in humans, a developing baby after the first two months of pregancy until birth.
38	162	fetal stress	can occur during the birth process or after birth as an infant adjusts from a watery, dark, constant-temperature environment to its new environment.
44	176	immune system	complex group of defenses that protects the body against pathogens --- includes the skin, respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems.
7	178	antibody	a protein made in response to a specific antigen that can attach to the antigen and cause it to be useless.
8	178	antigen	any complex molecules that is foreign to your body.
1	179	active immunity	long-lasting immunity that results when the body makes its own antibodies in response to a specific antigen.
68	179	passive immunity	immunity that results when antibodies produced in one animal are introduced into another's body; does not last as long as active immunity.
98	179	vaccination	process of giving a vaccine by mouth or by injection to provide active immunity against a disease.
69	182	pasteurization	(from the name of Pasteur, Louis) process in which a liquid is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria.
103	182	virus	strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating that can infect and multiply in a host cell.
13	185	biological vector	disease-carrying organism, such as a rat, mosquito, or fly, that spreads infectious disease.
45	185	infectious disease	disease caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protist that is spread from an infected organism or the environment to another organisms.
82	186	sexually transmitted disease (STD)	infectious disease, such as chlamydia, AIDS, or genital herpes, that is passed from one person to another during sexual contact. (chlamydia 衣原体 - from Greek khlamus ‘cloak’; herpes 泡疹 - from Greek herpēs ‘shingles’, literally ‘creeping’)
3	190	allergy	overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance.
63	190	noninfectious disease	disease, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, that is not spread from one person to another.
2	191	allergen	substance that causes an allergic reaction.
25	194	chemotherapy	use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells.